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The most urgent invention in the world right now is a vaccine that prevents you from getting COVID-19.
目前，世界上最紧急的发明便是预防新冠肺炎的疫苗。
What vaccines do is they teach your immune system about the pathogen.
疫苗的作用是将病原体的信息告诉给你的免疫系统。
This is a coronavirus. And this shape, on its outside, is called the spike protein. It grabs on to the cells in your body that have a particular receptor and get that cell to make billions of copies of this virus.
这是冠状病毒。在它外部这种形状的东西称为刺突蛋白。它抓住人体中具有特定受体的细胞，并使该细胞复制数十亿种这种病毒。
The first time that you're exposed to this virus, it takes literally days for your immune system to realize that it's a bad thing.
第一次接触这种病毒后，免疫系统实际上需要几天的时间才能意识到这是一件坏事。
So how do we get the immune system to go faster?
那么我们如何使免疫系统更快地运转呢？
The idea of a vaccine is to give you an exposure to something that looks like this, so you’re getting your body to make a lot of antibodies that can take these viruses and actually kill them.
疫苗的作用是使你接触到类似这样的东西，因而使自己身体产生大量可以吸收这些病毒并实际上杀死它们的抗体。
There’s over 100 different efforts, making many different types of coronavirus vaccines.
我们进行了100多种不同的努力，制作了许多不同类型的冠状病毒疫苗。
So, how do you make a vaccine?
那么，如何制作疫苗呢？
Usually you’re injecting at least part of the shape of the virus. Sometimes you do the whole virus, but it’s attenuated so it doesn’t multiply too much. Sometimes you take the virus and you kill it. You won't get sick because they're not duplicating.
通常，你需要注射病毒的极小部分，而有时可能需要注射进整个病毒，不过会先将其毒性减弱使其不会繁殖太多。还有时，是你自己感染了病毒并杀死它。因为病毒无法复制，所以你就不会生病。
What’s typically done is you just take either a piece of the virus or, just the spike, that thing on the surface, and you put it on something else, so there's no risk at all of causing the disease.
比较常用的方法是，将病毒表面的一个片段，例如刺突蛋白，放进其他东西里，这样就完全没有致病的风险。
One final way that's new and is promising is called the RNA vaccine. With RNA and DNA, instead of putting that shape in, you put instructions in the code to make that shape.
一种新的而且很有希望的最终方法称为RNA疫苗。使用RNA和DNA，你无需在代码中添加那个片段，而是在代码中添加生成该片段的说明。
So, the Gates Foundation, along with a great number of partners, are looking at these different efforts.
因此，盖茨基金会与众多合作伙伴一起研究了这些不同的努力。
We've never created a new vaccine in less than five years. So, this is urgent and it's going to require incredible collaboration. It's going to have to go to 7 billion people.
我们从未在不到五年的时间里开发出新疫苗。因此，现在很紧急，需要前所未有的合作。它必须要覆盖70亿人。
So, I am optimistic that one of the vaccine efforts will give us vaccines in the next 18 months, and we'll make sure that it's produced in volume and that it's accessible to everyone in the world.
我很乐观地认为，其中一项疫苗工作将在未来18个月内为我们提供出疫苗，我们将确保批量生产并确保世界各地的人们都可以使用。
That's how we're going to end this pandemic.
这就是我们要结束这场大流行的方式。 |
发表于 2020-8-6 09:37:28
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发表于 2020-8-6 13:52:23
