标题: What is Globalization 究竟什么是全球化 [打印本页] 作者: Helen 时间: 2020-6-27 10:24 标题: What is Globalization 究竟什么是全球化 回帖下载完整音频及双语文本：
What exactly does globalization mean?
全球化究竟意味着什么？
Concepts related to globalization include internationalization, "multidomestic marketing", and "multinational or transnational marketing", suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions across national boundaries.
In the marketing and strategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular region's comparative advantages. This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage. Thus, being "culturally sensitive" in global markets is being able to sell one's product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the seller's ignorance of local customs. International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail: however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economic.
Broader conceptualizations of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Waters defined globalization as "a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding." This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not just economic but social, cultural and political ones.
While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural.
尽管全球化有不同的概念，但研究者们似乎一致认为全球化至少有三个层面：经济的，政治和文化的。
The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of geographical boundaries for the production and consumption of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances (frequently through military means) in the new "markets".
The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions (through diplomacy) that control such markets. The rise of the nation state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transcend territorial boundaries are making the nation state obsolete.
If the economic and political aspects of globalization involve material and power exchanges, the cultural of globalization involves the expression of symbols that represent facts, meanings, beliefs, preferences, tastes and values. In fact, these symbolic exchanges are increasingly displacing economic and political exchanges in the spread of global mass culture. Traditional barriers of language pose no problems to modern means of cultural production such as satellite television and film. However, the new "global culture", despite its manifestations through consumption of global products and symbols in different parts of the globe, is essentially the culture of domimant groups centered in the West.
Thus it is important to realize that despite its "worldwide" connotation, globalization is essentially a Western notion inextricably linked economic development. It is a Western world view which in economic terms defines the world as a market that can be exploited to generate wealth.